Picosecond high speed ICCD camera family:
4 Picos
Highlights
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4 Picos Brochure![]() |
Technical drawing![]() |
High speed photography Plasma expansion dynamics 3D gated viewing Laser radar Fusion Reaction Diagnostic Fluorescence lifetime (FLIM) |
Overview
4 Picos ICCD Camera - fastest intensified CCD camera
ultra fast gated ICCD camera
Based on more than 30 years of excellence in the development and progression of world-class, fast-gated Intensified CCD (ICCD) cameras, Stanford Computer Opitcs sets new standards of rapid, picosecond
time-resolved spectroscopy and imaging with the introduction of the 4 Picos ICCD camera family.
The 4 Picos ICCD camera series contains the very best from CCD sensor and gated image intensifier technologies. It is achieving a superior combination of rapid acquisition rates and ultra-high sensitivity down to single photon. Exceptional detection performances are accessed through high quantum-efficiency (QE) image intensifiers, up to 3.3 MHz photo-cathode gating rates (burst).
Extremely low jitter, low insertion delay gating electronics and picosecond-scale optical gating provide excellent timing accuracy down to 10 picoseconds, allowing ultra-precise synchronization of complex experiments through 4 Picos ICCD camera series comprehensive range of triggering options and input/outputs interface.
Technical Details
Parameter |
High Resolution (HR) | Standard Resolution (SR) | |
Internal exposure time | 0.2ns - 80s; min. steps 10ps | ||
External exposure time | 0,2ns ... DC | ||
Trigger propagation delay | internal gate pulse: 60-65ns external gate pulse: 30-35ns |
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Jitter | < 10ps | ||
Optical shutter repetition rate |
standard: 100kHz (continuous), 3.3MHz (burst mode) gating time 0.2ns |
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Dynamic range A/D | 14bit, up to 21bit with 4 Spec image and data acquisition software with all lines integrated (binned), dynamic expansion active |
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Sensitivity of system | more than 1count/photoelectron pixel, up to 80s integration time on CCD | ||
Camera digital output | standard: USB 3.0, optional: GigE | ||
CCD output | standard: 12bit optional: 14bit |
standard: 12bit optional: 14bit |
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CCD resolution | 1360 x 1024 pixel | 782 x 582 pixel | |
CCD pixel size | 4.7 x 4.7µm | 8.3 x 8.3µm | |
Binning |
1x1 (full frame) Mode: *ROI : central 1/3rd |
1x1 (full frame) Mode: *ROI : central 1/3rd |
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Frame rate (1x1/2x2/ROI) depends on PC |
4.9 / 12.5 / 14.0fps in 12/14bit mode 8.0 / 15.4 / 17.5fps in 8bit mode |
12.5 / 20.0 / 23.0fps in 12/14bit mode 15.4 / 20.0 / 25.0fps in 8bit mode |
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Frame rate (1x1/2x2/ROI) | 10.6 / 17.4 / 20.4fps in burst mode | 29.4 / 54.1 / 66.9fps in burst mode | |
Gain | 1x1 and ROI Mode: 0..20db, 2x2 binning Mode: 0..25db | ||
Scan mode | field/frame, selectable through computer RS232 interface | ||
Optical interface | standard: C-mount, optional: F-mount | ||
Coupling lens | customized coupling lens between image intensifier -> CCD sensor for best image quality (MTF cut off @ 180 lp/mm) without any honeycomb structures, distortion or optical vignetting |
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Image intensifier type | standard: single stage, optional: dual stage | ||
Image intensifier | 18mm diameter |
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Input image area | ⌀ 18mm: 14.4 x 10.8mm (field of view) | ||
Photocathode | standard: high QE UV optional: high QE blue, high QE red |
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Spectral sensitivity | UV - NIR, depending on the photocathode (not all in one) | ||
Phosphor screen | standard: P43, optional: P46 on request (for 500ns fast double framing) | ||
Camera dimensions | 248 x 110 x 135 mm, (l x w x h), without objective lens | ||
Camera weight | 3kg, all in one head, without objective lens | ||
Camera mount | 1/4" x 20 and M8 mounting hole at the bottom of the camera | ||
Power Supply | 12V ±5% |
Publications
Author | Institution | Year | Title |
B Kettle et al. | The John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, Imperial College London | 2021 | |
M Hempe et al. | University of Durham | 2021 |
Vibrational Damping Reveals Vibronic Coupling in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials |
B.G Wilson et al. | University of California | 2021 |
Single-shot interferometric measurement of cavitation bubble dynamics |
T.A Hinsdale et al. | Texas A&M University | 2021 | |
Patent Application 20210029813 | United States | 2021 | |
S-J Klose et al. | INP Greifswald | 2021 |
The spatial distribution of hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet |
P Hermanns et al. | INP Greifswald | 2020 |
Formation and behaviour of plasma spots on the surface of titanium film |
W Li et al. | University of St Andrews | 2020 |
Organic Long-Persistent Luminescence from a Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Compound |
J.C Luo et al. | University of California | 2020 |
Laser cavitation rheology for measurement of elastic moduli and failure strain within hydrogels |
F Riedel et al. | INP Greifswald | 2020 | |
B Horvath et al. | INP Greifswald | 2020 | |
M Burnette et al. | Texas A&M University | 2019 |
Development of a substrate-invariant 2-D array of nanosecond pulsed streamer discharges |
V Prakash et al. | Institute for Plasma Research IPR | 2019 | |
A.R Gibson et al. | University of York | 2019 | |
F Kogelheide et al. | AEPT Bochum | 2019 | |
D Dobrynin et al. | Drexel University | 2019 | |
X Tang et al. | Texas A&M University | 2019 |
Bioinspired mechanical device generates plasma in water via cavitation |
C Liu et al. | Drexel University | 2018 | |
C Liu et al. | Drexel University | 2018 |
Uniformity analysis of nanosecond and sub-nanosecond pulsed DBD in atmospheric air |
A.R Gibson et al. | Ruhr-University Bochum | 2018 | |
I Stefanovic et al. | Ruhr-University Bochum | 2018 | |
S Groeger et al. | Ruhr-University Bochum | 2018 | |
G.V Prakash et al. | Institute for Plasma Research IPR | 2018 |
Study of plume dynamics and plasma density during its expansion |
G Neretti et al. | University of Padova | 2018 | |
J.W Cho et al. | Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute | 2018 |
An evaluation of the range-gated-imaging technology under dense aerosol environments |
G Haykir et al. | TUBITAK Marmara Research Center | 2018 | |
N.D Taylor et al. | Drexel University | 2018 |
Non-equilibrium microsecond pulsed spark discharge in liquid as a source of pressure waves |
N Altinoelcek et al. | Uludag University | 2017 | |
M Engelhardt et al. | Ruhr-University Bochum | 2017 | |
R Huang et al. | University of Durham | 2017 | |
M.T Colomer et al. | Instituto de Ceramica y Vidrio - CSIC Madrid | 2017 | |
P Pander et al. | University of Durham | 2017 |
Room temperature phosphorescence lifetime and spectrum tuning of substituted thianthrenes |
T.P Kaseman et al. | University of New South Wales Canberra | 2017 |
Visualization and Thermometry in Hypersonic Wedge and Leading-Edge Separated Flows |
T Huiskamp et al. | Eindhoven University of Technology | 2016 | |
G Neretti et al. | University of Bologna | 2016 | |
M.K Etherington et al. | University of Durham | 2016 |
Revealing the spin-vibronic coupling mechanism of thermally activated delayed fluorescence |
P Tardiveau et al. | Paris-Saclay University | 2016 | |
H Benjamin et al. | University of Durham | 2016 | |
Z Ren et al. | Beijing University of Chemical Technology | 2016 | |
F.B Dias et al. | University of Durham | 2016 | |
B Kumar et al. | Institute for Plasma Research IPR | 2016 | |
K Choudhury et al. | IIT Bombay | 2016 | |
J Zhang et al. | Eindhoven University of Technology | 2015 |
Numerical and experimental investigation of dielectric recovery in super-critical Nitrogen |
P Data et al. | University of Durham | 2015 |
Efficient p-phenylene based OLEDs with mixed interfacial exciplex emission |
T Gerling et al. | INP Greifswald | 2015 | |
F Lange et al. | University of Lyon | 2015 | |
Y Seepersad et al. | Drexel University | 2015 | |
F.B Dias et al. | University of Durham | 2015 | |
I. Kronhaus et al. | Technion, Israel Institute of Technology | 2015 |
Investigation of Cathodic Arc Plume in an Atmospheric Pressure Environment Using Stark Broadening |
M Aydemir et al. | University of Durham | 2015 | |
A Burkert et al. | Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology | 2015 | |
S Zhang et al. | Eindhoven University of Technology | 2014 |
Gas flow characteristics of a time modulated APPJ: the effect of gas heating on flow dynamics |
M Kühn-Kauffeldt et al. | Bundeswehr Universität München | 2014 | |
J.P Martin et al. | CEMDRX Portugal | 2014 | |
M Laurenzis et al. | Institut Franco-Allemand de Recherches de Saint-Louis | 2014 | |
F Christnacher et al. | Institut Franco-Allemand de Recherches de Saint-Louis | 2014 | |
M Aydemir et al. | University of Durham | 2014 | |
A Bergner et al. | Ruhr University Bochum | 2014 |
Investigating the outer-bulb discharge as ignition aid for automotive-HID lamps |
M. Aydemir et al. | University of Durham | 2014 | The key role of geminate electron-hole pair recombination on delayed fluorescence in Rhodamine 6G and ATTO-532 |
A Bergner et al. | Ruhr University Bochum | 2014 | Investigating the outer-bulb discharge as ignition aid for automotive-HID lamps | V Jankus et al. | University of Durham | 2014 | Highly Efficient TADF OLEDs: How the Emitter-Host Interaction Controls Both the Excited State Species and Electrical Properties of the Devices to Achieve Near 100% Triplet Harvesting and High Efficiency |
K-D Weltmann | INP Greifswald | 2014 | Advanced electrical and optical diagnostics on an atmospheric pressure plasmas with focus on microdischarges |
B Bahnev et al. | The Open University | 2014 | A novel method for the detection of plasma jet boundaries by exploring DNA damage |
S Hofmann et al. | Eindhoven University of Technology | 2014 | Time and spatial resolved optical and electrical characteristics of continuous and time modulated RF plasmas in contact with conductive and dielectric substrates |
D Müller et al. | Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology | 2014 | 2D temperature measurements in particle loaded technical flames by filtered Rayleigh scattering (FRS) |
D Graves et al. | University of Durham | 2013 | Photophysical Investigation of the Thermally Activated Delayed Emission from Films of m-MTDATA:PBD Exciplex |
Y Sun et al. | University of California | 2013 | Endoscopic Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging for in vivo Intraoperative Diagnosis of Oral Carcinoma |
E Stanislovaityte et al. | University of Durham | 2013 | Carbazole based polymers as hosts for blue iridium emitters: synthesis, photophysics and high efficiency PLEDs |
B Kumar et al. |
Institute for Plasma Research, India |
2013 |
Dynamics of laser-blow-off induced Li plume in confined geometry |
Y Seepersad et al. | Drexel University | 2013 | |
D Park et al. | Drexel University | 2013 | |
A.F.H van Gessel et al. |
Eindhoven University of Technology | 2013 | |
V Jankus et al. | University of Durham | 2013 |
Competition between polaron pair formation and singlet fission observed in amorphous rubrene films |
Y Seepersad et al. | Drexel University | 2013 | |
F.B Dias et al | University of Durham | 2013 | |
P Martin-Ramos et al. | Universidad de Valladolid | 2013 | Novel erbium(III) fluorinated b-diketonate complexes with N,N-donors for optoelectronics: from synthesis to solution-processed devices |
V.N Kozhevnikov et al. | University of Durham | 2013 | Cyclometalated Ir(III) Complexes for High-Efficiency Solution-Processable Blue PhOLEDs |
S Zhang et al. | Eindhoven University of Technology | 2013 | Spatially resolved ozone densities and gas temperatures in a time modulated RF-driven atmospheric pressure plasma jet:an analysis of the production and destruction mechanisms |
J Zhang et al. | University of Durham | 2013 | Efficient Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells (LECs) Based on Ionic Iridium(III) Complexes with 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Ligands |
S Cheng et al. | Texas A&M University | 2013 | Flexible endoscope for continuous in vivo multispectral fluorescence lifetime imaging |
S Döringa et al. | Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena | 2013 | Hole formation process in ultrashort pulse laser percussion drilling |
D Dobrynin et al. | Drexel University | 2013 | Non-equilibrium nanosecond-pulsed plasma generation in the liquid phase (water, PDMS) without bubbles: fast imaging, spectroscopy and leader-type mode. |
Y Seepersad et al. | Drexel University | 2013 |
To the electrostrictive mechanism of nanosecond-pulsed breakdown in liquid phase |
M.J Boland et al. | Australian Synchrotron | 2012 | TURN-BY-TURN OBSERVATION OF THE INJECTED BEAM PROFILE AT THE AUSTRALIAN SYNCHROTRON STORAGE RING |
M.J Boland et al. | Australian Synchrotron | 2012 | INJECTED BEAM PROFILE MEASUREMENT DURING TOP-UP OPERATION |
E.J Lerner et al. | Lawrenceville Plasma Physics | 2012 |
Fusion reactions from >150 keV ions in a dense plasma focus plasmoid |
V Jankus et al. | University of Durham | 2012 | |
H.A Al‐Attar et al. | University of Durham | 2012 | |
A M'hamedi et al. | University of Durham | 2012 | |
R Chapman et al. | The University of Queensland | 2012 | |
J.E Phipps et al. | University of California | 2012 | |
C Coya et al. | Universidad Rey Juan Carlos | 2012 | |
M Tavasli et al. | University of Durham | 2012 | |
L Marcu et al. | University of California | 2012 |
Fluorescence Lifetime Spectroscopy and Imaging in Neurosurgery |
H.A Al‐Attar et al. | University of Durham | 2012 | |
V Jankus et al. | University of Durham | 2012 | |
P Le Delliou et al. | Ecole Centrale de Paris | 2011 |
Nanosecond Pulsed Discharge Phenomenology in Micrometer-Sized Radially Confined Air Gap |
A Starikovskiy et al. | Princeton University | 2011 |
Non-equilibrium plasma in liquid water: dynamics of generation and quenching |
J Jansky et al. | Ecole Centrale de Paris | 2011 | |
A Starikovskiy et al. | Princeton University | 2011 | |
A Starikovskiy et al. | Princeton University | 2011 |
Streamer Breakdown Development in Undercritical Electric Field |
A Kumar et al. | Institute for Plasma Research, India | 2011 | |
Z El Otell et al. | The Open University | 2011 | Effects of pulse shape tailoring on the properties of a pulsed capacitively coupled radiofrequency discharge |
Y Yang et al. | Drexel University | 2011 | |
X Shiwei et al. | Sci. & Technol. Electro-Opt. Inf. Security Control Lab., China | 2011 | Design and implementation of the laser range-gating imaging synchronization control system |
M.A Malik et al. | Old Dominion University | 2011 |
Streamers in Water and Along the Insulator Surface in a Wire–Cylinder Gap |
M.A.H Chowdury et al. | Shahjalal University of Science and Technology | 2011 | |
D Raju et al. | Institute for Plasma Research (IPR) | 2011 |
Study of Laser-Blow-Off Plume Dynamics Using Singular Value Decomposition Technique |
P Le Delliou et al. | Ecole Centrale de Paris | 2011 |
Nanosecond Pulsed Discharge Phenomenology in Micrometer-Sized Radially Confined Air Gap |
J Jánský et al. | Ecole Centrale de Paris | 2011 | |
S.U Pandya et al. | University of Durham | 2011 | |
J Phipps et al. | University of California | 2011 | |
V. Jankus et al. | University of Durham | 2011 |
Critical Role of Triplet Exciton Interface Trap States in Bilayer Films of NPB and Ir(piq)3 |
V Jankus et al. | University of Durham | 2011 | |
R Chapman et al. | The University of Queensland | 2011 | |
E.J Lerner et al. | Lawrenceville Plasma Physics | 2011 | Theory and Experimental Program for pB 11 Fusion with the Dense Plasma Focus |
P Pande et al. | Texas A&M University | 2011 | Automated analysis of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (flim) data based on the laguerre deconvolution method |
J.E Phipps | University of California | 2011 |
Time-resolved fluorescence techniques for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease characterization |
P Thomas et al. | Texas A&M University | 2010 | Biochemical Imaging of Human Atherosclerotic Plaques with Fluorescence Lifetime Angioscopy |
A Kumar et al. | Institute for Plasma Research, India | 2010 | Influence of laser beam intensity profile on propagation dynamics of laser-blow-off plasma plume |
S George et al. | Cochin University of Science and Technology | 2010 | Effect of ambient gas on the expansion dynamics of plasma plume formed by laser blow off of thin film |
V Jankus et al. | University of Durham | 2010 | Dynamics of triplet migration in films of N, N'-diphenyl-N, N'-bis(1-naphthyl)-1, 1'-biphenyl-4, 4''-diamin |
R.K Dey et al. | University of Durham | 2010 | |
L Marcu | University of California | 2010 | |
A-A.H Mohamed et al. | Taibah University | 2010 | |
Y Sun et al. | University of California | 2010 |
Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy for brain tumor image-guided surgery |
A.L Rusanov et al. | Lomonosov Moscow State University | 2010 | |
T Plakhotnik et al. | University of Queensland | 2010 | |
S.U Pandya et al. | University of Durham | 2010 | |
V Jankus | University of Durham | 2010 | |
B.R Smith et al. | University of Queensland | 2010 |
The effects of surface oxidation on luminescence of nano diamonds |
B.R Smith et al. | University of Queensland | 2009 |
Five-Nanometer Diamond with Luminescent Nitrogen-Vacancy Defect Centers |
S.E Mani et al. | Northwestern University | 2009 |
Large third-order susceptibility and third-harmonic generation in centrosymmetric Cu2 O crystal |
V Jankus et al. | University of Durham | 2009 | |
C.M Brendel et al. | University of Kassel | 2009 | |
A Kumar et al. | Institute for Plasma Research, India | 2009 | |
Y.K Chembo et al. |
Darmstadt University of Technology | 2009 | |
Y Sun et al. | University of California | 2009 |
Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy: in vivo application to diagnosis of oral carcinoma |
G Craggs et al. | Vrije Universiteit Brussel | 2009 | |
S Nagla et al. | University of Regensburg | 2008 | |
K Schoenbach et al. | Old Dominion University | 2008 | |
M Brajdic et al. | RWTH Aachen University | 2008 |
In situ measurement of plasma and shock wave properties inside laser-drilled metal holes |
M Czichy et al. | Ruhr University of Bochum | 2008 | |
N de Vries et al. | Eindhoven University of Technology | 2008 |
Thomson scattering measurements on a low pressure surface wave sustained plasma in argon |
S.K Mandre et al. | Darmstadt University of Technology | 2008 |
Evolution from modal to spatially incoherent emission of a broad-area VCSEL |
S García-Revilla et al. | Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Bilbao | 2008 |
Ultrafast random laser emission in a dye-doped silica gel powder |
N de Vries (Ph.D. Thesis) |
Technische Universiteit Eindhoven | 2008 | |
S Zimmermann et al. | Bundeswehr Universität München | 2008 |
PSI: An innovative method to determine and to classify particles during the thermal spray process |
S Zimmermann et al. | Bundeswehr Universität München | 2008 |
Innovative Methode zur Partikelklassifizierung beim thermischen Spritzen (german) |
C Hartmann et al | Fraunhofer-Institut für Lasertechnik | 2007 |
Investigation on laser micro ablation of metals using ns-multi-pulses |
D Mathew et al. | University of Twente | 2007 | |
D Mathew (Ph.D. Thesis) |
University of Twente | 2007 | Discharge instabilities in high-pressure fluorine based excimer laser gas mixtures |
S Zimmermann (Ph.D. Thesis) |
Bundeswehr Universität München | 2007 | |
X.P Lu et al. | Old Dominion University | 2006 |
Dynamics of an atmospheric pressure plasma plume generatedby submicrosecond voltage pulses |
X.P Lu et al. | Old Dominion University | 2006 | |
C Rothe et al. |
University of Durham |
2006 |
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M.J Boland et al. | Australian Synchrotron | 2006 |
X-RAY AND OPTICAL DIAGNOSTIC BEAMLINES AT THE AUSTRALIAN SYNCHROTRON STORAGE RING |
S.K Mandre et al. | Darmstadt University of Technology | 2006 | |
D Mathew et al. | University of Twente | 2006 | |
D Mathew et al. | University of Twente | 2006 |
Current filamentation in discharge-excited F2 based excimer laser gas mixtures |
K Ferria et al. | Ferhat Abbas University | 2006 |
Acousto-optic lens based on interaction of narrow laser beam with cylindrical ultrasound |
K Landes et al. | Bundeswehr Universität München | 2006 | |
C Rothe et al. | University of Durham | 2006 | |
X Lu et al. | Old Dominion University | 2006 | |
J.C. Bergstrom et al. | Canadian Light Source | 2006 |
The optical diagnostic beamline at the Canadian Light Source |
X.P Lu et al. | Old Dominion University | 2006 | |
C. Schur (Thesis) | Bundeswehr Universität München | 2006 |
HOBAS ein neuartiges Hochgeschwindigkeits Bildaufnahme System (german) |
C Janzen et al. | Fraunhofer-Institut für Lasertechnik | 2005 | |
E.R Kieft et al. | Eindhoven University of Technology | 2005 |
Subnanosecond Thomson scattering on a vacuum arc discharge in tin vapor |
C Rothe et al. | University of Durham | 2005 | |
C Rothe et al. | University of Durham | 2005 | |
E.R Kieft et al. | Eindhoven University of Technology | 2005 | |
E.R Kieft et al. | Eindhoven University of Technology | 2005 |
Sub-ns Thomson scattering applied to an EUV emitting vacuum arc discharge in tin vapor |
S Sinha et al. | University of Durham | 2005 | |
J Busck | Danish Defence Research Establishment | 2005 |
Underwater 3-D optical imaging with a gated viewing laser radar |
J.F Andersen et al. | Danish Defence Research Establishment | 2005 |
Long distance high accuracy 3-D laser radar and person identification |
J Eichhorn and F. Rowedder (Thesis) | Bundeswehr Universität München | 2004 | |
C Rothe et al. | University of Durham | 2004 |
Triplet exciton state and related phenomena in the β-phase of poly (9, 9-dioctyl) fluorene |
S Zimmermann et al. | Universität der Bundeswehr München | 2004 |
A particle image shape imaging (PSI) investigation of particles in a plasma jet |
Y Cho et al. |
Seoul National University |
2004 |
Analysis of turbulent premixed flame structure using simultaneous PIV-OH PLIF |
S.L Gundy et al. | National University of Ireland | 2004 | |
J Busck, H. Heiselberg | Danish Defence Research Establishment | 2004 | |
J Busck, H. Heiselberg | Danish Defence Research Establishment | 2004 |
Gated viewing and high-accurancy three-dimensional laser radar |
X.P Lu et al. | Old Dominion University | 2003 |
Ignition phase and steady-state structures of a non-thermal air plasma |
X.P Lu et al. | Old Dominion University | 2003 | |
S Sinha et al. | University of Durham | 2003 | |
S.I Hintschich et al. | University of Durham | 2003 | |
C Rothe et al. | University of Durham | 2003 | |
S Sinha et al. | University of Durham | 2003 | |
S Sinha et al. | University of Durham | 2003 |
Space-charge-mediated delayed electroluminescence from polyfluorene thin films |
S Zimmermann et al. | Bundeswehr Universität München | 2003 | |
S.L Gundy et al. | National University of Ireland | 2003 |
Time-gated fluorescence imaging of chloroaluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate in a tissue phantom |
S Katsuki et al. | Kumamoto University | 2002 |
Parallel streamer discharges between wire and plane electrodes in water |
S.I Hintschich | University of Durham | 2002 |
The influence of interchain interactions on the photophysics of conjugated polymers |
S Sinha et al. | University of Durham | 2002 |
Detailed investigations on the photophysical properties of poly (2, 5-pyridine diyl) |
C Rothe et al. | University of Durham | 2002 | |
C Rothe et al. | University of Durham | 2002 |
Spectroscopic investigation of the different long-lived photoexcitations in a polythiophene |
C Rothe et al. | University of Durham | 2002 | |
T.V Streibl et al. | Bundeswehr Universität München | 2001 | |
C Rothe et al. | University of Durham | 2001 | |
A Dunaevsky et al. | Technion–Israel Institute of Technology | 2001 | |
S.L Gundy et al. | National University of Ireland | 2001 | Time-resolved fluorescence studies of porphycene and tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine dyes in varying solvents |